Synthetic Sweeteners

Sweeteners, include natural sweeteners, prepared/concentrated by extracting sweet components found in natural plants/foods, and synthetic sweeteners (artificial sweeteners, sugar alcohol), artificially synthesized. Synthetic sweeteners, such as dulcin and sodium cyclamate (called Chikuro), were widely used in Japan. These are now prohibited due to their carcinogenicity but are sometimes detected in imported foods.
FUJIFILM Wako provide a variety of reagents for analyzing synthetic sweeteners in food.

Analysis Examples (HPLC)

Acesulfame K

It is known as acesulfame potassium, and has 200-250 times the sweetness of sugar. As a high-sweetness sweetener, it is added to sugar substitute sweeteners in combination with xylitol, soft drinks, confectionery, and pickles.

Aspartame

It is about 200 times as sweet as sugar and is used in foods such as diet sweeteners, soda, yogurt, and ice candies.

Advantame

It is a dipeptide methyl-ester derivative synthesized by reducing the alkylation of aspartame, a sweetener, with 3-hydroxy-4 methoxy-phenylpropionaldehyde. Although sweetness depends on the type of food in which it is used and blending composition, its sweetness is approximately 14000-48000 times that of sugar and 90-120 times that of aspartame.


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  • HPLC Conditions
    Sample Advantame Standard
    Column Wakosil-Ⅱ 5C18HG, 4.6 mmφ × 250 mm
    Eluent A:phosphate Buffer(pH 2.8) 900 mL+CH3CN 100 mL
    B:phosphate Buffer(pH 2.8) 400 mL+CH3CN 600 mL
    0-30 min. B:15%, 30-55 min. B:15-25%
    55-75 min. B:25-100%, 75-90 min. B:100%
    Flow rate 1.0 mL/min. at 50℃
    Detection UV 210 nm
    Injection vol. 1 mg/mL soln. 20 μL

Advantamame Acid

It is a hydrolysate of advantame and is considered a major metabolite.


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  • HPLC Conditions
    Sample Advantame Acid Standard
    Column Wakosil-Ⅱ 5C18HG, 4.6 mmφ × 250 mm
    Eluent A:phosphate Buffer(pH 2.8) 900 mL+CH3CN 100 mL
    B:phosphate Buffer(pH 2.8) 400 mL+CH3CN 600 mL
    0-30 min. B:15%, 30-55 min. B:15-25%
    55-75 min. B:25-100%, 75-90 min. B:100%
    Flow rate 1.0 mL/min. at 40℃
    Detection UV 280 nm
    Injection vol. 0.2 mg/mL soln. 10 μL

Dulcin

This artificial sweetener was developed in Germany in 1883. With a sweetness of about 200 - 400 times that of sucrose, it was widely distributed in Japan after the war. However, addition of the sweetener to foods was completely prohibited in January 1969 in Japan, following intoxication accidents and detection of toxicity causing hepatic dysfunction and carcinogenicity.
Currently, dulcin is not used globally. However, dulcin was detected from foods imported; therefore, inspections are performed at quarantine stations.

Saccharin Sodium Dihydrate

This artificial sweetener is about 500 times as sweet as sugar in aqueous solution. Sweeteners that are currently allowed in drinks and foods include saccharin sodium dihydrate and aspartame, which was approved in August 1983 in Japan. Saccharin sodium dihydrate can also inhibit cholinesterase activity.

Sucralose

Sucralose, developed in 1976, is approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar and is used as a raw material in foods and beverages.

Cyclamic Acid Sodium Salt

This synthetic sweetener was permitted in the past, but in November 1969, the use of this synthetic sweetener was prohibited in Japan. However, the use of sodium cyclamate is approved in the EU, China, Taiwan, etc. and it is frequently detected at quarantine stations.

Analysis Examples (TLC)

Analysis of artificial sweeteners using the Ninhydrin-ethanol TS Spray

Target compound
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1. Glutamyl–valyl–glycine 2. Alitame 3. Advantame

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  • Analysis conditions
    Deployed solvent Chloroform/Methanol/Acetic acid/Water = 30/20/4/6
    Concentration of mixed solution 1. 10 μg/μL, 2. 2.5 μg/μL, 3. 2.5 μg/μL
    Development distance 7 cm (saturation development)
    Injection volume 4 μL
    TLC plate Silicagel 70 TLC Plate-Wako

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Standards

Analytical column

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